Organizations in the Engineering and Technology Environment

On Hitlers Mountain Book Review Essays

On Hitlers Mountain Book Review Essays On Hitlers Mountain Book Review Paper On Hitlers Mountain Book Review Paper On Hitlers Mountain shared the personal account of Irmgard Hunt, a Geman girl, which grew up on the same mountain that was Adolf Hitlers alpine retreat. She narrated her own and her familys story from how they lived through many important historical moments in German history. From how the great depression negatively affected her grandparents household to how the Nazi ideals put up a division between her own family. She shared anecdotes that she experienced herself growing up in the German society. At first, she did not know any better but as she grew older, he formulated her own opinions of what was going on politically in Germany during the Nazi era. She made clear historical connections of the events that were occurring at those specific times. Hunt also showed how ordinary German civilians dealt with the eminent, totalitarian power of the Nazi regimen. Not everyone that was subdued and brainwashed into following this communist party believed or agreed with its teachings and ideals. Hunt allowed the reader to have a personal connection to the horrible and inhumane ways the Nazi party operated. In her candid and honest ccount of events, she does not apologize or try to conceal the facts and atrocities that the German government caused to Jews, civilians from countries they invaded and even to their own people. The purpose of Hunts writing was to bring awareness about hardships that German people themselves faced and endured. It seemed as if she was trying to show that the Jews and other foreign civilians were not the only victims of events as the Great Depression, the war and the emergence of the Nazi era. For instance, she described the lack of resources and poverty her family suffered during the Great Depression when six days wages could not buy a single loaf of bread. She also talked about how her grandmother in order to bring some food to the table had to resort to picking in the trash or hiding left over crumbs of bread that she collected from her work (Hunt, 22). This not only showed the amount of extreme poverty and high unemployment that existed but that Germans were desperate for change. This was the time when Hitler emerged as a leader promising better living conditions and prosperity to his people. However, the way he achieved this was hrough imposing his presence on the domestic lives of the population, their thoughts and memories through the use of brain washing and propaganda. They controlled and dictated the everyday details of family decisions: their education, the books and the news they read, and how we greeted one another (Hunt, 41). Anyone that opposed or got in the way of the Nazi partys agenda was sent to concentration camps. People that were accused of conspiracy or opposition had an unfortunate fate. Everything seemed to be going somewhat well for a while according to how Hunts family was doing. But things suddenly changed. One of the Nazi partys goals was to keep the German population as pure as possible. They aimed for physical perfection. Blonde, blue-eyed, well built, intelligent individuals that would strengthen the race. This led to anti-Semitism, racism and segregation against anyone that did not fit that mold. Just like any social outcasts, those that were not of pure German heritage were sent to concentration camps in an effort for Germany to do a racial cleanse of its population. Any deformity that a ivilian would have, too, would result in their demise. In fact, Hitlers euthanasia program was implemented and kept secret from the general public. In 1939, three months after Hunts birthday, Hitler invaded Poland. This was the beginning of war. Men were drafted to fght and it hit home when Hunters father was called to serve in the military. Just like many other families in Germany, women were left alone to take care of the house and children. The most horrible news was to know that a loved one had died. This struck a core for Hunt when she found out that her father passed away. What was disturbing was the way someones death was an act that needed to be praised and bring pride. When Hunts teacher, Faulein Star, ordered her to stand in front of the class to share her familys tragedy was cold and heartless. It was then that Hunt started realizing even more if these sacrifices were worth making for the Fuhrer. The brainwashing of Nazi ideals began at a really early age at school. The curriculum did not include anything like political education but it was more targeted to share news about the war, or have a local Nazi to indoctrinate the class Hunt, 120). As part of the curriculum, training on how to operate gas masks, preparedness training and survival skills. It seemed as if any kind of intellectual knowledge and power were unacceptable in Hitlers eyes as they could endanger his plans since the German population would create thoughts of their own instead of following everything he said blindly. Hunt hated school as it was as close to a concentration camp that she felt she was in. When invasion into Germany occurred following World War II, Hunt described the aftermath wish such detail. Hitlers mountain was taken over and bombed. Yet, German officials still promised that they would carry their mandate to completion and that all the lives sacrificed were in worth dying for. However, amidst the take over, Hitler committed suicide in what it was considered a heroic death. Many felt betrayed but such act that all they were hoping for was that Hitlers death would act as catalyst to end any more lives being sacrificed. At this point, all that there was left to do was to flee and hide from Russian forces. Fortunately, later one American forces ame to the rescue of many Germans and captives in concentration camps. In conclusion, Hunt made many historical events become more personal seeing how it affected her family first hand and how she was able to survive such turmoil period of war. I appreciated having pictures throughout the book made it possible to put faces to the people she talked about as well as other places that were part of her narrative. Her story was a testimony of perseverance, hope and close family ties despite turbulent times. The end of the Nazi era allowed for the birth of new ideas and a new civilization.

The Origins of Islamic Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Origins of Islamic Culture - Essay Example The current study revolves around one of the groups of people who pose their specific significance with respect to their religious affiliation. The human perceptions, understandings and acts are affected greatly by religious influence in great amounts. This eventually affects every level of the human being’s lives whether they may personal, financial or corporate in nature. Thus organizational decision making and the performance of individuals all come under the influence of the religion to which they belong. Islam is one of the most widely followed religions in the history of mankind. Being the second largest religion of the human society it has millions of followers. Thus the Islamic culture is quite prevalent in the world. Islam is the religion that believes upon the sovereignty of one God. The name that God is termed with in the religion Islam is Allah. The belief that the religion establishes is that Islam is the religion of Allah for the Entire Humanity. It is the religi on that preaches kindness and equality with mercy and tolerance. Evidence to this is the following teachings of Islam that are quoted in the Holy Book of Allah i.e. the Holy Quran as follows: â€Å"Allah burdens not a person beyond his scope. He gets reward for that (good) which he has earned, and he is punished for that (evil) which he has earned† . The religion preaches utmost simplicity and piety. It does not want any individual to bear any load that he may not think of himself to be capable of. Allah- The Lord, with respect to the teaching of Islam, has spared His followers of any hardships or difficulties. At another place the Almighty Lord says (interpretation of the meaning) : â€Å"He has chosen you (to convey His Message of Islamic Monotheism to mankind by inviting them to His religion of Islam), and has not laid upon you in religion any hardship†Ã‚   [al-Hajj 22:78 - Quran]   The above lines are directly addressed to the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him) and then via him to the rest of the mankind. The Quran, the boom of Allah that contains all the codes of conduct and commandments is the final word for Mankind from the Almighty Lord. The Divine books that precede this last and final word are the Psalms, the Bible, and the Testament. THE HISTORY OF ISLAM Islam is a global religion. The birth of the foremost and final Prophet of Islam Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be Upon Him) in the year 570 A.D led to the beginning of an Era that was eventually to lead to the formal birth of the religion of Islam. He was born to an Arabian family named the family of â€Å"Quraishâ⠂¬  which was the then ruling tribe of the Holy city of Mecca. Mecca was the center of trade of the entire Arab and was later trademarked as the Holy Mecca that housed the house of the Lord, Allah swt. After the era of the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) Islam spread out from Arab into various other regions. Fellows from the most trusted companions of the Prophet were appointed as caliphs. The kingdom of Islam was henceforth termed as Caliphate that revolved around nothing but the religion itself. Caliphs were the rulers of

Compare and contrast the economic, political and social environment of Essay

Compare and contrast the economic, political and social environment of the United States in the 1920s and the 1950s - Essay Example The economy of 1920 boomed and contributed to the success of the country during this era. It resulted in a boost in employment, cost-effective development and consumerism. In 1920s, there was a great enhancement in purchase of commodities, mass production, industrial production, corporate profits and movies. In 1920, every field witnessed innovative breakthroughs and creations. These inventions embrace cars, methods of transportation, gas stations, malls/shopping centers, radio, and sewing machines. The period of 1920 was a period of huge advancement in the sphere of mass communication and the movies became popular as well (Goff & Terry, 2002). The manufacturers made huge profits from new business and production approaches. Departmental stores along with service station chains benefited from considerable retail power and helped in wage rise. The figure of millionaires in US increased during this period. The share market reached to the pinnacle. The salaries of management were increased excessively. Banks offered significant bonuses to their staff. The moral codes of business distorted and corruption was prevalent in politics, business and society. This was an indication of the end of booming period in USA. Comparatively, the period of 1950 was somewhat outdated. The economy during 1950 observed no major innovation. The main issue of this era was inflation, the rise in consumer prices, in indirect business taxes as well as social security taxes. Tax rates along with employment rates carried on climbing during this period. First half of 1950 viewed the prosperity of progress of life insurance companies and enrollment of new private companies to take in the extremes of personal investments (Goff & Terry, 2002). The industries that flourished after the war comprised, transport industry, newspaper industry, automobile industry, housing industry, electronics and aviation and aerospace industry, military industry, Hollywood and newspaper industry. During this

HMR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HMR - Essay Example Human resource management looks after all these activities. HRM can be considered as a process which involves four main duties. These include acquisition, motivation, development and overall maintenance of the human resource of an organisation. HRM can be considered as that branch of management which is responsible for maintaining relationships among the employees and the organisation. The nature of HRM varies widely and depends on its role in the organisation. HRM is an inherent part of an organisation. From broader perspective, this role is followed by almost all members of an organisation rather than only the department for personnel management. The function of human resource management is pervasive. It has to be performed by managers at all levels and it is not limited to only one department or group. It permeates to each and every department of an organisation regardless of the category and function. Major activities of this department include manpower planning, placement, emplo yment, compensation and appraisal and training of the employees. HRM is a continuous process which is present at every stage of the organisation. The fundamental objective of human resource management is contributing to the goals of the business and organisation. The department functions by ensuring efficient utilisation of the human resource and also increasing the potential of the people in the organisation so that they can fully utilise the resources of the organisation (Maloney). HRM functions can be categorised as managerial and operative functions. The managerial functions include planning, organising, controlling and directing. On the other hand, operative functions include activities such as procurement and development of function, providing compensation and benefits to them, record keeping and maintenance of good industrial relations. The structure of human resource management in UK is very strict. Most of the organisations in UK, have highly delegated HRM departments which looks after the organisation. As early as from the 1980s, the centre has effectively delegated the responsibility of HRM to various agencies and department. This suit has been followed by a majority of public sector organisations in the UK. Big organisations and most of the private sectors are now focussing on maintaining their own HRM department. Human resource management is most evident in the health care sector in UK while local authorities and smaller groups do not have any proper human resource management format. The basic difference between human resource and human resource management is that human resource consists of a group of individuals who constitute the workforce of a business, organisation or an economy; they are tangible assets of an organisation. On the other hand, human resource management includes management of these assets for the best utilisation of the resources of a business or organisation. Principles of Equal Opportunities Equal opportunity in employment ref ers to equal rights in the field of jobs, services and benefits to all individuals, employees and perspective employees in an organisation (Equal Opportunity). Equal employment opportunity is determined to provide equal and fair outcomes in almost all employment areas which include functions such as selection, recruitment, information access, management

Organised Crime Affecting The United Kingdom Essay

Organised Crime Affecting The United Kingdom Essay In order to assess the extent to which organised crime is affecting the UK one must first try to define the term itself. A recent definition by Interpol describes it as Any group having a corporate structure whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities, often surviving on fear and corruption  [1]  . UK based SOCA simply states that Organised crime covers a very wide range of activity and individuals involved in a number of crime sectors. The most damaging sectors to the UK are judged to be trafficking of Class A drugs, organised immigration crime and fraud. In addition, there is a wide range of other threats, including high-tech crime, counterfeiting, the use of firearms by serious criminals, serious robbery, organised vehicle crime, cultural property crime and others.  [2]  There are many terms brandished about for organised crime and it is difficult to come up with one definition, therefore, this makes it difficult to also assess what is being tackl ed as far as the UK in concerned. As the SOCA definition above shows there are many different types of crimes which can be called organised crime so therefore in order to assess of how there being tackled one will need to assess them individually, for the purposes of this essay one will focus on Trafficking i.e. drugs and how money laundering is being dealt with in the UK as a big part of organised crime are its proceeds. Organised crime generates a huge income and as crime becomes more globalised and so revenue generated from it increases more and more every day. Profits are usually in the form of cash so therefore need to be disguised in a way to blend into the banking system. The ultimate aim of the money laundering is to get the proceeds of the crime into the financial world legitimately, so the criminals can benefit from it and not get caught. The process is long and complicated as the cash has to moved several times in order to cover its tracks. Different routes the money might take are being transferred in between various different accounts and through front companies which are set up to disguise the illegitimate profits in a legal business form, this process is repeated many times until the criminals can extract their profits legitimately. There are three stages to money laundering, firstly placement, whereby the illegitimate profit is put into the banking system, followed by layering, where t he cash is passed through many different areas in order to perplex its origins, and the final step is integration, where the cash is put through legitimate companies and accounts. Money laundering in the UK is a criminal offence, and as such, any person involved in any known or suspected money laundering activity risks a criminal conviction carrying a jail term of up to 14 years. It is significant that even innocent involvement on the part of professionals such as bankers and lawyers can provoke a criminal charge. Money laundering is an offence covered by many different parts of legislation United Kingdom and can be found in statutes such as the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (as amended), and the Terrorism Act 2000 (as amended). The most significant change made by these two pieces of legislation is that they enforce two new obligations to create Suspicious Transaction Reports. The legislation, then, increases the responsibility on professionals dealing with big financial business of any kind to be cautious in detecting suspicious transactions, and this in effect helps find criminals when such occasions do arise, so, in essence, this is an example of the UK successfully implementing legislation in order to tackle organised crime . This attack on money laundering is huge part of tackling organised crime as it is suggested that the economic and social impact of organised crime in the UK is staggering and statistics show that global profits from people smuggling are estimated to be $10 billion annuall y, 280,000 problem drug users cause half of all crime, every  £1 spent on heroin is estimated to generate about  £4 of damage to the national economy and there are around 400 organised crime bosses in the UK with an amassed criminal wealth of approximately  £440 million.  [3]  The economic and social cost of organised crime is estimated to be in the region of  £20 to  £40 billion per year. The role of recovering criminal assets fell upon the Assets Recovery Agency which was set up under the Proceeds of Crime act 2002 and played an important part in the governments plans to seize the profit out of crime, and separate and prevent the criminal organizations from continuing with their activities by removing the money which motivates their activities and their major source of income  [4]   The Assets Recovery Agency had three strategic aims to disrupt organised criminal enterprises through the recovery of criminal assets, thereby alleviating the effect of crime on communities, to promote the use of financial investigation as an integral part of criminal investigation, within and outside the Agency, domestically and internationally, through training and continuing professional development and to operate the agency in accordance with its vision and values.  [5]   The UK is a founding member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), established in 1989 to develop global measures to prevent money laundering. The FATF has 40 recommendations, engineered to combat money laundering and create the best resources to do so internationally. UK money laundering experts regularly participate in FATF mutual evaluations of its members, showing that the UKs initiatives against money laundering are strong as not only are they tackling the issue internally but are looking at the international impact money laundering has. On the 1st April 2008 the Assets Recovery Agency merged with the Serious Organised Crime Agency. Commenting on the merger Hughes, of SOCA said we are gaining important skills and expertise with the arrival of Assets Recovery Agency staff and we welcome them into SOCA. Now that the merger has taken place we will get on with the job that parliament want us to do, namely depriving crooks of their ill-gotten gains  [6]. In support of this the Home Office minister Coaker said that assets recovery is critical in the fight against all levels of crime and we are determined to stop criminals profiting from crimes which affect the lives of law-abiding majority.  [7]  Adding to this Goggins, said this merger will strengthen the fight against crime in Northern Ireland as it combines the intelligence expertise of SOCA with the hands-on practical experience of ARA. This combination will make the recovery of assets even more effective and strengthen our fight against those who profit from org anised crime.  [8]  This important merger highlights the steps in the UK have taken to try to successfully tackle aspects of organised crime, by merging together these two organisations it showed that the UK has acknowledged the fact the money laundering linked with organised crime is a very serious issue that needs to be dealt with. A further offence as introduced in the Drug Trafficking Act 1994 and the Terrorism Act 2000 which states the offence of failure to report. This occurs where the person suspects that another person is involved in laundering the proceeds of drug trafficking or terrorism, and fails to report it. In the case of the Terrorism Act 2000, this offence is broadened to those who have reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting. These statutory offences have amplified the range of money laundering offences within the UK legislation, and have similarly enlarged the mandatory degree of vigilance on financial professionals. By increasing the legislation to include those or may not even be involved directly in the crime or its proceeds it eliminates any sort chains there may in a particular organised crime groups structure. This offence highlighted is very similar to offences laid out in the USs Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) whereby prosecutors could arrest group leaders ba sed on the activities of those who worked with them. This shows another way in which the Uk is successfully trying to tackle the issue by looking at all aspects of weakening organised crime. Overall the legislation on tackling money laundering is effective, with agencies such as SOCA recognising its importance Money is at the heart of all organised crime. The lifestyle and status it brings are the main motivation for most criminals.  [9]. SOCA states that it is determined to ensure that criminals cant enjoy their profits  [10]. According to the report released by SOCA 2009/10  £317.5 million was seized from organised crimes groups in the UK. A recent example of SOCA in action in April 2011 where SOCA was granted the Confiscation Order in Leeds Crown Court for  £933,422 against Paul Anthony Romano Morgan from Leeds  [11], this is a significant achievement for the UK in tackling the issue of organised crime. In order for the UK to continue being protected the effects of money laundering, authorities, however, must work stronger at identifying criminals that are still accessing the financial system. Only by using more advanced method will criminals and money launderers become more hesitant. Professor Bill Gilmore stated: for the first time, to take co-ordinated and effective worldwide action to undermine the financial power of drug trafficking networks and other criminal organisations, is now in sight if not, as yet, fully within our reach.  [12]  Highlighting there is still room for the UK to improve to completely eradicate organised crime. One of the most threatening of activities undertaken by organised crimes groups is the trafficking of illegal narcotics. The drug trade has the capability to infiltrate all aspects of society and can threaten the social, political and economic security of any nation, so it is not surprising that it is becoming an increasing issue in the UK. The impact of the drug trade may not necessarily be the most threatening to social security, but it is probably the most threatening to the people of the country. The problems with drug trafficking are not simply mattered of criminal activities taking place but what the drugs trafficked into the country are causing, such as addiction and furthermore diseases being spread through improper use and then furthermore the crime associated with drug abuse as more and more people depends on these trafficked narcotics. McFarlane points to another interesting threat which may emerge from an increase in crime: Furthermore, with increasing crime, a free press and civil rights tend to be ignored both by the criminals and by the hard-pressed law enforcement agencies.  [13]  The threat that drug trafficking brings is potentially very large and is affecting the economic stability of the UK and therefore has become a focus of major law enforcement to tackle and one will now review on whether atte mpts to combat drug trafficking have been successful. The Serious Organised Crime Organisation (SOCA), takes a role in the gathering of information about major drug syndicates that control the UK drug trafficking scene. Created in 2007, SOCA is responsible for the collection, analysis, research and dissemination of intelligence relating to major criminals involved in serious crime, including the distribution and trafficking of drugs.  [14]  And in the Annual SOCA Plan 2010/2011 they mention that Class A drugs, poses the greatest single threat  [15]  showing that they realise that it is a serious target to be dealt with. SOCA has been working heavily on tackling drug trafficking with a recent case in again in April 2011 highlighting the capture and trial of one of SOCAs most-wanted, Edward Morton, who went on the run for more than three years,and has been sentenced to 24 years in prison for his part in a organised crime group which trafficked illegal narcotics worth millions of pounds into the UK. SOCAs Gerry Smyth said: This ope ration succeeded in breaking up highly organised professional drugs trafficking gang who brought large quantities of controlled drugs onto the streets of the North East of England. Morton tried to evade justice by hiding in Amsterdam. He failed. SOCA and its national and international partners are determined to bring fugitives back to the UK courts to face justice.  [16]  , this highlights SOCA and UKs enthusiasm on working with international organisation to tackle the problem, which is a positive factor as most drugs are trafficked into the country so therefore it is not enough to tackle the issue internally and from this case we can see the UK has picked up on this and is using this to tackle organised crime successfully. Important organisations that help deal with the international aspect of the problem is HM Customs and Excise National Investigation Service. There are two principal aspects of Customs control for drugs. The first is preventive control at ports and airports and through coastal surveillance. The second is specialist investigations based on information and intelligence gathered from various sources at home and overseas, designed to anticipate and intercept consignments of drugs and arrest the organisers of smuggling attempts.  [17]  With this work continuing it will add the to work with other agencies such as SOCA to deter drug traffickers in the UK. However one may note that the HM customs side of operations does need substantial improvement if today the figure of the profits of drugs being trafficked into the country remains at a staggering 4-6.6 billion a year, this emphasises aspects of the UK operations that needs to be improved in order to tackle organised crime successfully. In fulfilling its aims, the UK works as a partner or member in a number of leading international organisations, The UK is part of United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), formed in 1991, which acts as the focal point in the United Nations for international support and battle against drugs. The UK is also an active member of the Dublin Group, which merges the EU and other countries to bring together individual country policies and give assistance to source country of the illegal narcotics. Many actions have been implemented throughout local Dublin Groups to ensure more commitment from national governments in assisting producer countries but also assistance from the actual source countries themselves in order to successfully tackle organised crime. In particular, the UK plays an important role in the 1988 UN Drugs Convention, which provides a broad framework for intercontinental cooperation against drug trafficking. The UK ratified the Convention in June 1991, extending it to UK Dependent Territories. The UK participates in the G8 Group on Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) following the G7/8 Halifax Summit in 1995. The groups objective was to recognise gaps in intercontinental cooperation against TOC and put forward realistic actions for improvement. All of these movements and actions were taken by the UK show their intent on successfully tackling drug trafficking and in essence organised crime as they have again acknowledged that the problem is not entirely internal and international aid needed to be addressed as most organised crime groups have a non-British ethnicity and in order to administer actions against them and to deter them in it important that the UK seek support of source countries and on reflection it seems that they have done this successfully. There are other arguments that state that the UK cannot tackle the issue of drug trafficking alone simply but regret the source or even the supply, some may argue that present legislation needs to be revisited and weaknesses in it need to be addressed, Steve Rolles of Transform Drug Policy said When prohibition of something collides with huge demand for it, you just create an economic opportunity and illegal criminal entrepreneurs will inevitably exploit the opportunity that it creates  [18]  Lord Mancroft agreed by stating We have controlled drugs in this country but you only have to walk a mile of this palace to realise that the controls do not work, because anywhere on the streets of London you can buy any of these drugs The way forward is a range somewhere from the way we control alcohol or indeed the most dangerous object in our everyday lives, the motorcar. If you go outside in the street and step in front of a moving motor car you will find out how dangerous it is, so what do we do? We do not prohibit it. We license the vehicle, we license the users, we made them pass a test, we make them have insurance so if they damage anybody they have to pay up, we tell them how fast they can use it, on which side of the road. That is control.  [19]   However to argue in favour of what is already being done and its benefits and arguing against controlling drugs trade Professor Strang of the National Addiction Centre told states, There is no question that the illegality of a substance is a major deterrent to its useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one would have to presume that if legal constraints were taken away the level of use would almost certainly increase  [20]  , these two arguments highlight different approaches the UK can implement the second being what is being actioned now, however despite how drastic the first argument that Rolles and Mancroft mat be one may have to consider its possible effectiveness in aiding the UKs campaign in tackling organised crime, by eliminating the opportunity for organised crime groups. To conclude is seems on a whole the UK is successfully trying to tackle organised crime, but there are some hole so to speak and from looking at SOCA Annual report 2010/11 one can see that the UKs weakness when it comes to tackling organised crime is its understanding of the inner workings of an organised crime group, Organised crime is identified in the National Security Strategy as a major threat to the UK. Broad estimates value the economic and social costs to the UK, including the costs of combating it, at between  £20 billion and  £40 billion a year. Whilst the understanding of organised crime is becoming clearer year on year, there are however still gaps. To be successful in reducing the harm caused by organised crime it is essential that efforts to combat it are well-directed. This requires investment in developing knowledge and understanding of the threats and of those responsible for them. The harm to the UK comes in particular from a large number of individuals and grou ps operating in tactically astute ways, in response to this the UK has recognised that it needs to improve and will do so by bringing together a wide range of departments and agencies, each with specialist skills and powers  [21]  but whether or not this proves to be successful is yet to be seen. However, in 2010, the Home Office published an evaluation named Drugs Value for Money Review. It pointed out that there was a lack of factual data being collected by the government on the effectiveness of its drug policy against the trafficking of drugs it stated that policies to reduce the availability of drugs produced the greatest analytical challenge. The absence of robust and recognised measures of success, combined with a limited base of research evidence, makes it particularly difficult to draw conclusions about supply-side policy.  [22], so this reiterates the point that in order for the UK to successfully tackle organised crime it needs to put more effort into its research in order to create a higher intelligence to what they are actually trying to tackle.

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Acknowledgments

So much love and thanks to my husband and sons for their continuing understanding and sacrifice in support of my writing. At least I'm not the only one to benefitI in sure many local restaurants are grateful that I don't cook anymore. Thank you, Mom, for being my best friend and letting me talk your ear off through all the rough spots Thanks, also, for being so insanely creative and intelligent, and bequeathing a small portion of both into my genetic makeup Thanks to all my siblings, Emily, Heidi, Paul, Seth, and Jacob, for letting me borrow your names I hope I didn't do anything with them that makes you wish you hadn't. A special thanks to my brother Paul for the motorcycle riding lessonyou have a true gift for teaching. I can't thank my brother Seth enough for all the hard work and genius he put into the creation of www.stepheniemeyer.com I'm so grateful for the effort he continues to expend as my Webmaster Check's in the mail, kid. This time, I mean it. Thanks again to my brother Jacob for his ongoing expert advice on all my automotive choices A big thank you to my agent, Jodi Reamer, for her continued guidance and assistance in my career And also for enduring my craziness with a smile when I know she d like to use some of her ninja moves on me instead Love, kisses, and gratitude to my publicist, the beautiful Elizabeth Eulberg, for making my touring experience less a chore and more a pajama party, for aiding and abetting my cyber-stalkery, for convincing those exclusive snobs in the EEC (Elizabeth Eulberg Club) to let me in, and, oh yeah, also for getting me on the New York Times bestseller's list A huge vat of thanks to everyone at Little, Brown and Company for their support and their belief in the potential of my stories And, finally, thank you to the talented musicians who inspire me, particularly the band Musethere are emotions, scenes, and plot threads in this novel that were born from Muse songs and would not exist without their genius Also Linkin Park, Travis, Elbow, Coldplay, Marjoric Fair, My Chemical Romance, Brand New, The Strokes, Armor for Sleep, The Arcade Fire, and The Fray have all been instrumental in staving off the writer's block.

HSA 515 Dealing with Fraud Essay

As the Chief Nursing Officer of the state’s largest Obstetric Health Care Center, this author is responsible for complaints regarding fraudulent behavior in the center. The purpose of this report is to (1) evaluate how the Healthcare Qui tam affects health care organizations, (2) provide four examples of Qui Tam cases that exist in a variety of health care organizations, (3) devise a procedure for admission into a health care facility that upholds the law about the required number of Medicare and Medicaid referrals, (4) recommend a corporate integrity program that will mitigate incidents of fraud and assess how the recommendation will impact issues of reproduction and birth, and (5) Devise a plan to protect patient information that complies with all necessary laws. Qui Tam (from the Latin phrase â€Å"he who sues on behalf of the king†) is a well-known mechanism used by private individual to assist the government in enforcing specific laws (Ruhnka, Gac, & Boerstler, 2000). The False Claims Act of 1863 is one of the most important examples of the Qui Tam mechanism that was enacted during the Civil War to prosecute war profiteers who were caught overcharging the Union Army (Ruhnka, Gac, & Boerstler, 2000). Showalter (2012) states that the whistle-blower (aka relator) files the suit as a kind of â€Å"private attorney general† on behalf of the government in a qui tam case. Evaluate how the Healthcare Qui tam affects health care organizations. Healthcare qui tam affects health care organizations in many ways. The most popular and inconvenient way is financial losses. If an organization is accused of qui tam, a suit is filed and if the company is found guilty of fraud, they stand to incur a financial loss due to having to repay money to the government. Ruhnka, Gac, & Boerstler (2000) state that intentionally fraudulent activities such as billing for services not provided, billing for services or equipment that is not medically appropriate, or violating clearly stated billing rules are unacceptable and should be prosecuted whenever they occur. Qui tam effect on health care organizations has not been a positive one. Cruise (2003) state that qui tam actions has forced organizations to develop a new cadre of operating guidelines and procedures collectively called â€Å"compliance programs† resulting in organizations having to pay $600 – 700 million per year to a consultant industry to advise them on the intricacies of this new era. Health care organizations have adopted Federal Sentencing Guidelines as a part of their compliance programs due to the laws governing Medicare fraud and abuse (Cruise, 2003). Examples of Qui Tam cases that exist in a variety of health care organizations. Healthcare is on the rise in the United States. Medicare and Medicaid is the largest of the government sponsored healthcare plans and provide health care coverage for as many as 95 million Americans, at an estimated cost in 2012 of more than $900 billion (Raspanti, n.d.). Raspanti (n.d.) state that the primary reason for the rise in healthcare cost has been the large degree of fraud committed against these two major government health care programs. Raspanti (n.d.) state the following are examples of qui tam cases, but not limited to: â€Å"Kickbacks: The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits any offer, payment, solicitation or receipt of money, property or remuneration to induce or reward the referral of patients or healthcare services payable by a government health care program, including Medicare or Medicaid. These improper payments can come in many different forms, including, but not limited to: referral fees; finder’s fees; productivity bonuses; discounted leases; discounted equipment rentals; research grants; speaker’s fees; excessive compensation; and free or discounted travel or entertainment. The  offer, payment, solicitation or receipt of any such monies or remuneration can be a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback statute, 42 U.S.C.  §1328-7b(b), the Federal False Claims Act, as well as various other federal and state laws and regulations. Ghost Patients: The submission of a claim for health care services, treatments, diagnostic tests, medical devices or pharmaceuticals provided to a patient who either does not exist or who never received the service or item billed for in the claim. Up-Coding Services: Billing of government and private insurance programs is done using a complex series of numerical codes that identify the specific procedure or service being performed. These code sets can include: the American Medical Association’s Current Procedural Terminology (â€Å"CPT†) codes; Evaluation and Management (â€Å"E&M†) codes; Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (â€Å"HCPCS†) codes; and International Classification of Disease (â€Å"ICD-9†) codes. Government health care programs assign a dollar amount it will pay for each procedure code. Up coding occurs when a health care provider submits of a claim for health care services, treatments, diagnostic tests or items that represent a more serious and more expensive procedure than that which actually was performed. Up coding can be a violation of the Federal False Claims Act. Bundling and Unbundling: In many cases, government health care programs have special reimbursement rates for groups of procedures that are typically performed together, such as laboratory tests. One common type of fraud has been to â€Å"unbundle† these procedures or tests and bill each one separately, which results in greater reimbursement than the group reimbursement rate. Attorneys in the national qui tam whistleblower practice of Pietragallo Gordon Alfano Bosick & Raspanti successfully represented the lead relator in one of the largest cases of â€Å"unbundling† in the history of false claims litigation, United States ex rel. Merena v. Smithkline Beecham Clinical Labs, which resulted in a recovery of $328 million for federal taxpayers. False Certification: When physicians, hospitals and other health care providers submit bills to government health care programs they are required to include a number of important certifications, including that the services were medically necessary, were actually performed, and were performed in accordance with all applicable rules and regulations. Additionally, health care companies such as pharmaceutical companies and pharmacy benefits managers that provide products or services to government  health care programs are required to certify that they are satisfying all obligations under their contracts with the government. One common type of fraud has been to falsify these certifications in order to get a health care claim paid or to obtain additional business† (Raspanti, n.d.). Stanton (2001) acknowledges that in a healthcare facility, with Medicare, each false claim is considered an individual billing whether for a specific medical item or service. Penalties can rise quickly with suspension or delay payment of future claims for a facility if it has been accused of submitting false claims (Stanton, 2001). Devise a procedure for admission into a health care facility that upholds the law about the required number of Medicare and Medicaid referrals. In order to avoid health care qui tam, healthcare organizations must stay abreast and compliant with Medicare and Medicaid laws. When a patient enters a facility for illness or an appointment, there are steps to follow. At check-in, the patient gives insurance card and pertinent information to nurse. The nurse enters the information into the system. The patient waits for the doctor to assess the illness to determine the needs of the patient. â€Å"Physician inputs information into the system and system codes the treatment based on Medicare or Medicaid protocols; system confirms and red flags any treatment or medication that is not allowed; patient is discharged and Medicare or Medicaid is billed for services rendered by the hospital, physician, and for medication† (Burnaby, Hass, & O’Reilly, 2011). If for some reason, items billed are questioned or denied, the items are reviewed and resubmitted to Medicare or Medicaid for payment. Recommend a corporate integrity program that will mitigate incidents of fraud and assess how the recommendation will impact issues of reproduction and birth. Corporate Integrity Agreements (CIAs) are considered second chances for healthcare organizations. By using CIAs, the organization avoids exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid, or other Federal healthcare programs by establishing and implementing a compliance program per CIA regulations and guidelines (MetricStream, n.d.). Implementing CIAs is challenging and can cause financial strain; however it can â€Å"protect stakeholders and customers from risk, and build brand value† (MetricStream, n.d.) CIAs are implemented  for healthcare organizations to uphold certain standards and to fulfill the organizations’ missions and goals. CIAs are usually proposed due to allegations of fraud or abuse which are found to be true through audits or self-disclosures; and are drawn up for a period of three to five years and can extend up to eight years (MetricStream, n.d.). Ramsey (2002) suggests that a recommended integrity program should include stipulations such as â€Å"designation of a compliance officer and a compliance committee† – to ensure that the needed changes will be made; â€Å"a required code of conduct, mandated compliance policies and procedures† – stating that the organization is committed to complying with the laws; â€Å"training requirements† – to ensure that staff and physicians are knowledgeable and up-to-date on all requirements and processes required by the organization, the government and vendors; â€Å"review and auditing procedures† – to help reduce errors when reporting claims; and a â€Å"confidential disclosure program where employees internally may report possible violations of the law† . Once a CIA is implemented, to deter employees from committing fraud, a stern disciplinary action process should be enforced and followed. Devise a plan to protect patient information that complies with all necessary laws. Protecting patient information is a responsibility of all healthcare organizations and a plan or process must be in place to do so. In any situation, whether in an office, clinic, or in the field, there are important procedures that can be followed to protect a patient’s information and confidentiality (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). As a health care worker, you must â€Å"confirm the patient’s identity at first encounter, never discuss the patient’s case with anyone without the patient’s permission, never leave hard copies of forms or records where unauthorized persons may access them, and use only secure routes to send patient information and always mark confidential† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). When in healthcare settings â€Å"conduct patient interviews in private rooms, never discuss cases or use patient’s names in public area, and always obtain patient’s permission before distributing his/her information to a staff member or healthcare worker† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Always keep medical records and  computers used in a locked or secure box to prohibit unauthorized persons access. Creation and implementation of a protection and privacy plan can reduce legal actions under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Qui Tam cases impact healthcare organizations in various ways to include high penalties if found guilty, payback of monies received, and a negative image for the organization. Medicare and Medicaid fraud cases are the most common qui tam cases. In order to reduce fraud and abuse cases, healthcare organizations must improve their current admission procedure, their corporate integrity program, and their patient information protection system. Reference: Burnaby, P., Hass, S., & O’Reilly, A. (2011). Generic health care hospital: The road to an integrated risk management system. Issues in Accounting Education, 26(2), 305-319. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Measures to protect patient confidentiality. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/ssmodules/module7/ss7reading4.htm Cruise, P. L. (2003). Deregulating health care ethics education: A curriculum proposal. Global Virtue Ethics Review, 4(3-4). MetricStream. (n.d.). Corporate integrity agreements. Retrieved from http://www.metricstream.com/solution_briefs/corporate-integrity-agreements.htm Ramsey, R. B. (2002). Corporate integrity agreements: Making the best of a tough situation. Healthcare Financial Management, 56(3), 58-62. Raspanti, M. S. (n.d.). Health care fraud and false claims. Retrieved from http://www.falseclaimsact.com Ruhnka, J. C., Gac, E. J., & Boerstler, H. (2000). Qui tam claims: Threat to voluntary compliance programs in health care o rganizations. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 25(2), 283-308. Showalter, J. S. (2012). The law of healthcare administration (6th ed.). Chicago: Health Administration Press. Stanton, T. H. (2001). Fraud-and-abuse enforcement in Medicare: Finding middle ground. Health Affairs, 20(4), 28-42.

How external factors affect tourism as a whole and in America Essay Example

How external factors affect tourism as a whole and in America Essay Example How external factors affect tourism as a whole and in America Essay How external factors affect tourism as a whole and in America Essay Leipers whole basic tourist system consists of five main elements; at least one tourist, at least one tourist generating region, at least one tourist destination region, at least one transit region and at least one tourism industry. He suggests that without any one of these elements the tourist system would not function correctly. As well as the main elements of the tourism system Leiper also refers to external factors and how they can affect the function of the tourist system. External factors include; Human, socio-cultural, economic, technological, physical, political, Violence and terrorism and legal factors. External factors are factors which destinations are unable to control. This essay will explore how external factors affect tourism as a whole and in America. External Factors affecting Tourism Economic factors can be either positive or negative; the tourism industry can reap economic benefits by promoting developing tourist destinations. Tourist boards promote developing destinations to attract tourists and improve the destinations economic value, once the destination is economically stable components of the travel and tourism industry such as airlines and tour operators will begin to invest in the destination by selling holidays to tourists. Business men and women will invest in the development of hotels, restaurants and attractions, thus developing the destination further resulting in even more tourists visiting the destination. Some destinations however are not as lucky, at present many destinations are faced with the negative effects of the recession. When the recession hit many tour operators and airlines went bankrupt which resulted in a decrease in the number of flights and holidays available, unemployment figures increased which meant that people now have less disposable income to spend on travel, thus resulting in a decrease in tourist numbers to certain destinations. These destinations rapidly began the process of decline. It takes a lot of time and money to rebuild a destination after decline. Economies move in cycles from boom to slump, and occasionally to bust while a fevered cycle of growth and decline can actually be healthy for an economy, since robust churning purges marginal businesses, recovery is often slow and awkward. (Michael Haywood in Ioannides and Debbage, 1998, p. 273) Political and legal factors are controlled by the government. Political factors such as war can have a devastating effect on a destination itself, its economy and the local community. Once war has been declared on a destination tourists become deterrent and are usually not allowed to visit for safety reasons, the lack of tourism and the amount of money spent on ammunition reduces the destinations economic value and sends it into decline. The media over emphasises on the issue which creates a negative image of the destination for those who have not visited prior to war taking place and they will still maintain this image once the war is over. War does not only affect the countries in battle but surrounding countries too, if tourists stop travelling to certain destinations tour operators and airlines may be on the verge of bankruptcy. However, political factors are not all negative; the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 marked the end of communism in Eastern and Central Europe after this event took place these countries saw an increase in tourists from the West. Governments began to take tourism more seriously as an employment and income-generating response to the rising unemployment and fiscal problems created by the transition to a market economy. (Brown, 1998, p. 25) Legal factors include laws and legislation set by the government, which include; the economic policy, this policy sets the levels of taxation and expenditure in the country, which can help to determine how much money can be spent on the development of tourist facilities and international promotion campaigns. The government international policy influences exchange rates; international trade etc, depending on the exchange rate this can be either a positive or negative external factor as a high exchange rate will attract incoming tourists as they will gaining more for their money, on the other hand a low exchange rate will mean tourists are getting less for their money and will most likely visit another destination where the exchange rate is higher. International trade is a positive factor as it generates money for the economy, helps to build relationships with other destinations and allows the local population to have access to products which their destination cannot produce. International trade can have a negative effect on tourism in a destination as many tourists travel primarily to gain an insight into foreign cultures and taste local delicacies, if these foreign delicacies are imported into their country they may feel that there is no need to visit the destination as they can purchase them from local stores saving the cost of travel. Other laws and regulations set by the government include; consumer protection laws which ensure that consumers are sold quality products, organisations must abide by the trades description act 1968. These laws and regulations have a positive effect on the tourism industry as tourists have more trust in travel and tourism organisations to sell them quality products and services and thus are more willing to travel. Employment laws include paid holidays, which allow employees to have paid time off work to travel. This is a positive external factor because without paid holidays a lot of working and lower class citizens may not be able to afford to take unpaid time off work which will reduce tourist numbers dramatically thus reducing the economic value of most destinations. Socio- cultural factors are influences that society has on an individual, for example society has created a stigma about travelling to certain destinations such as Benidorm, this influences whether or not a tourist will choose to travel to Benidorm. Developments in information technology such as personal laptops, wireless internet and better software has changed the way businesses operate; With advanced technology it is much easier and time effective to carry out paper work online and consumers can now purchase travel components such as flights and hotel rooms online which means very few employees are required. Many companies such as British Airways have cut costs through reducing the numbers of people employed particularly at middle levels of the organisation. (Evans et al, 2003, p. 161) Developments in transport such as low cost airlines increases the number of times people travel as it is more affordable, it also increases the amount of money tourists have left to spend on attractions and other tourist facilities. Developments of public transport within a destination such as trams, buses, trains etc make it much easier for tourists to explore the destination, one of the main factors tourists will assess before visiting a destination is its accessibility. These improvements in transport have also increased the total amount of personal and business travel that people undertake. (Evans et al, 2003, p. 161) Violence and Terrorism are external factors which have devastating negative effects on a destination. When violence and terrorist attacks occur in a particular destination tourists are reluctant to visit for months even years later and some tourists will never visit as they believe there is a risk of another attack. Not only does the destinations economic value decrease due to repairs having to be made but the lack of tourists also has a major impact on the economy especially for those destinations who are dependant on tourism to generate income. Criminal activities are indeed a continuous component of daily life but, in the context of tourism they increase in significance. Above all, the fact that the tourism activity as such is strongly related to such things as discovering new areas and taking risks makes tourists especially vulnerable targets. (Glaesser, 2003, p. 53) External Factors Affecting Tourism in America On September 11th 2001 America was hit by one of the most devastating terrorist attacks in history. Terrorists crashed two aircrafts into the twin towers of the world trade centre in New York, killing Nearly 3,000 people and destroying the surrounding area. The terrorists then crashed another aircraft into the Pentagon in Virginia and a fourth aircraft into a field in Washington. There were no survivors from any of the attacks. The Pentagon was rebuilt within a year and cost $700 million; the World Trade Centre is currently in the process of being rebuilt. After the events of September 11th visitor numbers to America decreased by 5 million as tourists were afraid to visit in case America was attacked again; this shows how a terrorist attack in one city can affect the country as a whole. As a result of a decrease in tourist numbers Americas economic value also plummeted and many people working within Americas tourist industry soon became unemployed. It is thought that terrorists target major tourist destinations as they know it will cause the most damage to the destination. Tourists are not the only parties to be harmed by terrorism-local elites, foreign tour operators and the whole national economy can be acutely affected- and it is for this reason that tourists are so useful to terrorists. (Brown, 1998, p. 23) America is currently experiencing a recession which has resulted in a poor exchange rate; this can have both positive and negative effects on Americas tourism industry; because of the poor exchange rate incoming tourists are not getting enough currency in exchange and therefore are reluctant to visit. However the poor exchange rate also means that American tourists are not getting as much currency in exchange for their Dollars when visiting foreign destinations and have decided to go on domestic holidays within America instead. As the majority of Americas tourists were incoming tourists tourist numbers have rapidly decreased since the recession hit, which has lowered the countrys economic value. The recession has also lead to a rise in unemployment and the collapse of businesses especially within the tourism industry. Conclusion External factors have a huge effect on the tourism system Leiper talks about. Whether they are positive effects or negative effects they can change a destination completely. For example economic factors can be negative such as the recession in America, as explained earlier, due to the recession many travel and tourism organisations such as hotels, airlines, attractions etc became bankrupt which could mean that some of Americas most popular tourist attractions and facilities no longer exist. On the other hand a rise in the number of incoming tourists can increase the economic value of a destination. External factors can also change the dynamics of Leipers tourism system; a development in transportation could result in tourists travelling directly to their desired destination, thus losing the need for the transit route element within Leipers tourism system.

Free Essays on The Symbolism Of The First Paragraph Of The Scarlet Letter

indicating that similar attire is being worn. Which implies that this gathering of people possess some sort of significance and/or importance. By that, it can be assumed that an event or happening of some sort, is taking place, or is about to take place. Hawthorne then describes the door of ... Free Essays on The Symbolism Of The First Paragraph Of The Scarlet Letter Free Essays on The Symbolism Of The First Paragraph Of The Scarlet Letter Paragraph #1 - The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne’s sets a tone by way of eloquently placed adjectives, and use if terms such as; â€Å"sad-colored garments,† â€Å"throng,† and â€Å"heavily timbered with oak,† In The Scarlet Letter. The first paragraph of a solid piece of literature often sets the foundation for the work, as well as giving the reader valuable insight into the setting, and mood of the piece. Hawthorne manipulates the reader’s senses with the word â€Å"sad-colored,† taking two completely opposite terms and combining them creating a vivid mood. He uses the word â€Å"sad-colored garments† in context with clothes. The uniformity of the colors that the people are wearing indicates that an event is taking place. Also, specific groups of people tend to dress similarly, possibly suggesting that they are from the same religious background. The â€Å"sadness† of the colors might even indicate the age group of these men/women. â€Å"Sad-colored† not only tells of the color of the garments but also of the mood itself. The very word â€Å"sad† depicts a specific feeling, but Hawthorne combines this feeling with a visual aspect thereby giving the reader a clearer picture, and enabling the reader to become more emotionally involved. While referencing a group, Hawthorne chooses to use a more colorful adjective; â€Å"throng† which is much more descriptive then â€Å"A group of people† The terminology paints a distinct picture, suggesting that the group is not just loitering around for no given purpose, but instead is assembled for a specific reason, the assumption is again strengthened by the use of words indicating that similar attire is being worn. Which implies that this gathering of people possess some sort of significance and/or importance. By that, it can be assumed that an event or happening of some sort, is taking place, or is about to take place. Hawthorne then describes the door of ...

Of the several blind spots in the early development of the human Essay

Of the several blind spots in the early development of the human rights regime, none is as striking as the failure to give viol - Essay Example The fact that the women have been presented as helpless and individuals who are dependent on others for support has not made the position of women in society better. As such, only several centuries past now have women been able to enjoy equal rights as men. In most countries, these women are now able to go to school alongside their male counterparts, to go to work, to support themselves, and to vote. For a long while however, women have been subjected to physical, emotional, sexual, and mental abuse from their male counterparts, including family members as well as strangers. In the past few decades however, more serious commitments on the protection of their civil and human rights have been observed1. These commitments come in the form of laws in the international and national level, ultimately affording equal right to these women and imposing punishment and penalties to those who abuse the rights of women. One of these laws is the CEDAW or the Convention on the Elimination of All Fo rms of Discrimination against Women. It is also known as the Treaty for the Rights of Women2. It was adopted by the UN in 1979, and ratified by different countries. This treaty is however not a sufficient policy in the complete protection of women’s civil and human rights. ... This article shall evaluate the statement above, highlighting instances of human rights violations for these women, gaps in the protection of their rights, including possible remedies which can be implemented in order to address the issue. Body The CEDAW is considered an encompassing international treaty covering the basic rights of women. It indicates a form of Bill of Rights for these women and is the only international instrument which completely covers specific provisions on women’s rights, including their political, economic, social, cultural, and civil life4. There are 185 ratifying countries for this treaty, with the US being a major hold out for its ratification5. The CEDAW indicates a very broad definition for discrimination against women, supporting the fact that international usually provides broad definitions when compared to local or national laws. Nevertheless, CEDAW defines the idea of equality for women beyond what is currently set by many national provisions. Under the CEDAW, discrimination against women also refers to any act which excludes, distinguishes, or restricts individuals based on sex with such discrimination often made in order to impair the enjoyment or exercise by women of their human and fundamental freedoms and rights6. The treaty secures women’s rights in different realms, including government and political life, employment, education, healthcare, as well as other elements of social and economic life. It also indicates special policies for women including special measures to support the causes of women and protect their maternity7. Aside from the CEDAW, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has also set forth provisions seeking to protect

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Criminal Law - Essay Example ack up a conviction of capital felony, secondly, the trial court charged unfitting the jury in that self-defense was not applicable to murder felony and thirdly the jury was incorrectly charged concerning rudiments of self-defense hence rendering invalidity of his convictions pertaining the two counts of murder with intent. In state v Amado case, conclusion was that self-defense was unavailable as a means of defense to charges of murder felony. Therefore, addressing claims of inadequate instructions of self-defense. Although the jury dropped Amado’s invitation to reexamine the issue about the convictions of murder felony, the jury’s vacating of the conviction of capital felony requires the jury to address whether it (the jury) was incorrectly charged on the issue concerning self-defense about counts of intentional murder. Both convictions of murder felony stood (findlaw, 2014). The said charges did not affect the views of the Supreme Court, of which its findings were limited to the capital murder as well as murder felony counts. The defendant specifically claimed that the instructions of the trial court concerning self-defense deceived the jury since the court incorrectly instructed the jury on its obligations. The jury concurred with the Amado that the trial court had misled them in their obligations in considering the counts of intentional