Treatment electronic media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Treatment electronic media - Essay Example Mary is weary and lost in pain. Billy, the charismatic head of the state house visit her to see how she is doing and show his interest in her. Mary’s lack of enthusiasm makes him sad, but he covers his anger with her current experience. Lost in grief and shock, Mary, is kept in the same residence with ANN, who is also a widow. Ann has already caught up with the new lifestyle. Due to stress and depression, Mary, who have eight months pregnant gotten early labor and she gives birth to a healthy, bouncing baby boy. The bond between the mother and baby is not so strong so ANN, hold the tiny baby boy and cuddles her. His name was BOB. Mary recovers slowly as week’s passes by and she accepts the new world she joined. The bond between mother and child starts to grow stronger day after and day. ANN gives Mary all support she needs from advice to help her in the house. ANN tells Mary all stories she knows or she has ever heard about the people in the state but Mary denies saying she must be exaggerating, it cannot be true yet the same people have saved her life. They stay together bonds the two like sisters. ANN plan to escape because they have been locked indoors for quite some time. They do not have vicinity to the real world. One night, Ann decides to escape from the state house at midnight, the same night she is shot dead. Mary is so horrified at the death of her only sister in the state house. Her agony returns and she take a refuge with relation with BOB. Whenever BOB wants to hear stories about his father Mary did not have the strength to explain him his father was dead. She lies to him that his father escaped to America several years ago, after he learnt that the president wanted him dead as he was a senior person in the government that time, and she was certain he will come to look after them. This lie helps her to heal the trauma of her husband. Billy visits and assign

Business Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics - Case Study Example As with most ethical decisions, there is likely no one solid answer, but I have done my best below to provide some possible courses of action that the judge in this case could consider. Question 1 In this situation, Mr. Groetsch has done nothing wrong. As such, he is under no obligation to allow other people to handle his personal fight against Securities America. He is convinced that he has been financially damaged as a result of this case, and he is perfectly able to work through arbitration on his own, with a judge, to come a fair resolution. Let us remember that arbitration was set up as a way to settle disputes between two parties who simply cannot come to an agreement on any given problem. The judge in this situation should only concern himself with the specific arbitration case that Mr. Groetsch has dutifully bought before him, regardless of any potential impact on cases that might be pending before other courts at a future date. This is a decision that will likely weigh on th e judge, knowing that many more clients may lose out on a judgment in the future that is rightfully due them. In the end, however, the judge is ethically responsible for the arbitration hearing in this case and should let it proceed without delay. Question 2 This case is particularly troublesome because of the sheer number of clients that were adversely impacted as a result of the fraudulent acts partaken by Securities America. Due to this unique situation, no one person should receive the benefit of arbitration at this time until the outcomes of the class action suits are settled. The actions of one fraudulent company has negatively impacted the lives of many people, so the judge should ethically do everything in his power to make sure all alleged victims have an equally opportunity at a fair judgment. The judge should go ahead and table the arbitration hearing and allow the cases in Montana and Massachusetts to proceed. This will allow the money that is currently available to be p aid out to victims to remain in a frozen, yet liquid account to be distributed once the case is completed. Once settled, the judge should then allow the arbitration to proceed until finished. The reasoning behind this lies in simple numbers. Should one person benefit greatly from arbitration, draining a limited pool of funds that will be available, while the masses are left to scrounge what is left over? In this case, that would not be a beneficial course for anyone involved, except Mr. Groetsch. It needs to be pointed out that he had the option to join the class action suit, yet for whatever reason, decided not to. As such, he has given up his claim to that hearing. His actions, however, do nothing to mitigate the fact that class action suits are filed to level the playing the field. That is what the judge should do in this case – level the playing field so all victims will eventually be compensated in a fair and equitable manner. Question 3 The judge in this case can also a ct as an advisor. In the legal system, judges are put in place to protect those that appear before them. In this particular situation, it appears that the interests of Mr. Groetsch will be best served if he were to drop his arbitration claim and fold his interests into the class action suits that are pending. This becomes particularly helpful advice if the judge has already determined that he is going to table the arbitration hearing until the current cases in Montana and Massachusetts are resolved. If this were to happen, there would simply be little to no money left to pay Mr. Groetsch in any event. While the estimated 10 cents to the dollar is not a happy outcome for this client, it will certainly be better than

The Importance of the Modern Era of Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free

The Importance of the Modern Era of Political Philosophy Essay The Modern Era of political philosophy is best characterized as a revolt against the traditional constraints of the time. Machiavelli believed that politics should be separate and distinct from ethics, morality, and religion. Protestant reformers such as Luther and Calvin went head to head with the Catholic Church, paving the way for religious individualism and incorporating various political revisions. Hobbes called for a major overhaul in England concerning not only political and religious issues, but social and economic ones as well. As modern philosophers began to voice their opinions, Central, Southern, and Western Europe began to change drasticallychanges that would affect the direction of Western political thought forever. Niccolo Machiavelli, born in Florence, Italy in 1469, was the first political philosopher to recognize the importance and potential of the nation-state, an idea he shared with the world. This idea was shared primarily through Machiavellis most notable works: The Prince and Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius. The Prince was dedicated to the new Medici (the ruling family in Florence at the time) ruler, Lorenzo; some modern interpreters have viewed the work primarily as a plea for forgiveness, as Machiavelli wanted his civil service job back after being suspected of treason. As indicated in his two major works, Machiavelli had two distinct goals: the desire to return to active government service and the promotion of stability and freedom from foreign control, secular or religious, for all of Italy. Martin Luthers (1483-1546) discrepancies with the Catholic Church began early in his career when he attacked the sale of indulgences and also came to the conclusion that human nature is wretched and sinful. He also criticized the popes absolutism and the church hierarchy. When Luther finally poured his heart out onto paper in 1517, the result was his Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, otherwise known as the Ninety-five Theses, which he promptly nailed to the church door in his hometown of Wittenberg, Germany. Three years later Luther wrote an essay  entitled An Appeal to the Ruling Class. Each of these works as well as Luthers other writings made three main allegations against the church. These allegations were known as the Three Walls. The first wall he attacks is the fact that secular power has no control over the pope. The second wall deals with the idea that the church is more than just the pope; it encompasses everyone who is a member of the faith. This particular wall disputed the idea of papal infallibility as well as the pope as the sole authority of the church. The third wall Luther confronts concerns the claim that only the pope can summon a council to resolve or address church issues, such as questions of doctrine. Later that same year, the pope excommunicated Luther from the Catholic Church, but not before Luthers words had a significant impact on the Catholic Church. These events cause Christians to reexamine the relationship between church and state-authority through the eyes of the individual, as well as defining limits on both church and state power. John Calvin, born in 1509, founded one of the first sects of Protestantism that developed after Luthers revamp of the Catholic Church. Calvin shared the belief that human deeds cannot ensure salvation and that government serves as a punishment and remedy for human sin. In his book Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin distinguishes two types of government: the spiritual, by which the conscience is formed to piety and the service of God; and the political, by which a man is instructed in the duties of humanity and civility. Almost overnight, the Protestant Reformation brought the monolithic foundation of medieval Christianity down, leaving behind several new concepts in political thought. During the first half of the 17th century, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes found conflict on numerous fronts concerning English society. The first issue was concerning religious freedom, pitting King Charles I and his Anglican Church against a number of independent Protestant sects. Hobbes and his Protestant followers claimed that the Anglican Church was too close in organization and liturgy to the Catholic Church. They also rejected the claim of Charles I to rule by divine right. The second issue was political in nature, concerning the fact that England did not have a written  constitution (and still do not today), thereby allowing for Parliamentary error and inconsistancies. The third issue that Hobbes was concerned with was the fact that social and economic issues were becoming interrelated due to a growing middle class who demanded more political representation in Parliament. During Hobbess lifetime, the world experienced a scientific revolution due to important discoveries. The spirit of forward progress influenced Hobbess understanding of politics as well. Hobbes treated his issues like scientific theory, always concerned with precise definitions and correct terminology. On what basis could the practice of government be conducted once society was no longer a community? asks the central philosophical question concerning Hobbess political philosophies. Hobbes reinforces the basis for politics of the Modern Era by uniting absolutism and consent, taking his cues from the scientific revolution of the era. Hobbess most important philosophical work, Leviathan, discusses human nature from the standpoint of the individual, thus defining the foundation for Hobbess political universe. Obviously, Hobbess political focus is on the individual; however, some critics argue whether Hobbess philosophies were intended as a scientific blueprint for a fit government as Hobbes saw it, or if his philosophies merely succeeded in raising questions about the balance between individual liberty and social order. Of all the versatile philosophers associated with the Modern Era of political philosophy, only Niccolo Machiavelli can be described as the personification of the transformation from the medieval to the modern era. Machiavellis aggregate view of politics focuses on the individual. In contradiction to the values of ancient and medieval political philosophers, Machiavelli establishes a separation between personal morality and necessary political practice. The Florentine also supports the idea of a republican state, thus allowing the greatest degree of liberty. He created a new science of politics with a more down-to-earth and practical set of principles. Machiavellis recognition of the importance and potential of the nation-state not only set him apart from his predecessors, but also ushered in a new era of political thought, paving the way toward the unfolding  Western political tradition. The importance of the Modern Era of political philosophy is plainly evident in todays society. A large part of the Constitution of the United States is based on the liberal philosophies of the Modern Era. The idea of separation of church and state is most prolific during this era, and it remains today one of the fundamental principles of liberty upon which the governments of the United States and numerous other nation-states in the West are based. Also, the focus of individual liberty is very apparent in many of the political discourses of the Modern philosophers. Had the philosophers of the Modern Era not battled the widespread corruption apparent in the Catholic Church and the ruling classes across Europe, who is to say that the Western political tradition would have unfolded at all?

Practical Application Of Evidence Based Practice Nursing Students Nursing Essay

Practical Application Of Evidence Based Practice Nursing Students Nursing Essay In the modern era of health care services, most health care practices practiced by healthcare organizations are based on research. It gives a positive presentation of teaching and learning activities based on patient care needs and is also cost effective (Doebbeling et al. 2006, Higgs J., Jones M., 2000). Applications with the absence of critical thinking proof might be risky to patients. The same can be said when relating to any situation where the evidence says otherwise (Zelm , 2006). According to Rycroft Malone et al (2004), evidence is a major study based on a systematic review that has been identified by researchers and subsequently included their views and results from the quality improvement and enhancement programs. s Whilst and banning (2005) also claimed that evidence expanded and is widely used in practice because there are more educated individuals, the increase in public awareness and also the increasing rate in productivity and cost efficiency while providing high quality health services. This resulted in the need to access the latest scientific knowledge and also emerges the need for individual practitioners to be able to think critically in the effort to help optimizing patient care results. The demand for evidence-based decisions has also risen because todays healthcare services are also increasing beyond the existing resources of service providers. However, this does not speak for individuals working in health and social care environment because there is the need to be able to critically evaluate the latest research. Cormack (2000) said critical evaluation (critical appraisal) is the process of systematically evaluating and interpreting evidence by considering validity, the results and relevancy. Obviously it is important to be fair and not prejudicial to the research being done. Critical assessment, which is sometimes referred to as criticizing, is more focus to find the advantages and disadvantages of a particular rsesearch and make a fair decision on what was presented in the publication. If all the studies with weaknesses and flaw are to be ignored, then there will be no evidence that can be relate to neither being used in future practics. The ability to wisely identify and study those research weaknesses and flaw would more likely to ensure the accuracy and validity of future research outcomes. Burns (2000) concluded that being critical means being able to make judgments about the value of a work or literature art in the context of how a critical evaluation of a study is to be done. This paper focuses on a study of nursing students motivation towards their learning. The objective of this paper is to criticize a selective review of the Bio Medical central issue in the year of 2008. This study is found beneficial for health care sector workers, particularly nurses. The Nursing field is working to develop evidence-based practice, which involves finding, criticizing, and applying evidence in practices. According to Parahoo (1997) nurses are expected to be able to understand and critique research and work related to their practices as well as identifying the importance and relevance of the research to the current practice in order to improve and enhance the quality of patient care practices. Criticizing a study involves an in-depth and comprehensive examination of all the aspects included in the study with the intention to further consider the benefits or strengths, the limitations means and the significance of the study (ha, 1996). Polite Beck (2004) suggested that nurses are encouraged to use evidence in their profession to ensure that the best care given to patients is also cost effective. The proposal is supported by Regan (1998), whom stated that providing both excellent and effective care to patients is the basis for evidence-based practice. I will further critically analyze this research paper and point out several recommendations and to apply the results and recommendations contained in it in my practice environment. The title of the study is Nursing Student Motivation Toward Their studies a survey study. The title clearly reflects the overall content of the study. It is to inform and acknowledge readers about what is being studied and the type of study which is survey study. The title of an article review should be concise and precisely reflect the content aside from being able to attract readers and encourage them to further read the content (Cormack, 1996; Parahoo, 1997). The selected topic is relevant to my work place, in terms of the factors that influence our choices, which forms the direction and strength and continuity in our thinking and behavior (Kelly, 2003). Research topic is considered appropriate if we take into account the importance of the relationship between motivation and results. By analyzing the estimated degree of students motivation during and in different semesters, this research could also enhance and improve their learning. The study was conducted by two researchers, Kerstin EL Nilson from Medical School, University of Skovde Sweden and Margareta I Warren Stomberg from the Institute of Health and Care Science, Sahlgrenska Academy at Coteberg, Coteberg Sweden. Although both of the researchers are from the same country, their background is not described, only their department was mentioned. Abstract provides consise yet precise summary of the study by including a glimpse of the objectives, methods, results and conclusions, which also attract readers to further read the entire article. According to ha Moule (2006), the abstract is a brief summary that identifies the different stages of the review process. Abstract offers a good overview content of the research which can be seen in this paper. It explains how information accessed from selected participants, in terms of survey in the form of questionnaires. This allows readers to decide by themselves whether to continue reading or otherwise. This study is found to be well designed and its objectives are clearly defined. When the objectives are clearly defined, other aspects of the design of the study will blend in nicely and smoothly (Cormack 1996). The objective of this study was stated in the abstract and in the body of the article. This shows that it has been well studied and a literature review was conducted carefully and with great concern to further equipped the work with credibility. In this study, qualitative approach was carried out since research is commonly involving human behavior and changes within their behavior. Qualitative studies are often utilized when one does not possess adequate knowledge related to a particular issue or matter. Participants can express their feelings and experiences about certain issue or phenomenon in their own words. According to Morse Field (1999), qualitative research can help us better understand the reality, to reflect and explain the social world and develop models and also theoretical explanations. Baldwin and Nail (2000) defined qualitative research as a method of advertising research, which is to emphasize the meaning of quality in terms of views and perceptions of consumers, for example, in-depth interviews and focus groups. Qualitative study is a systematic and subjective approach to describe and potray life experiences and the meaning within it. However, it also comes with a drawback in which researchers admitted the fact that when they have any subjective feelings related to a critical phenomenon, they would be inclined to reflect and include their personal perception and understanding of the phenomenon being studied (Jackson, Daly Chang, 2003). Literature review is an evaluation report of information found in the literature which related to the selected study. According to ha Moule (2006), literature review is a written work to evaluate and conclude a specific subject in only a few details. Literature reviews are conducted in order to either determine the results of previous studies or to know whether the problems in previous studies were successfully overcame and then repeat the same steps to solve similar problems encountered in the current study (Dempsey Dempsey, 1996). These processes account for the strategies, methodologies, data collection, data analysis, discussion and recommendations for future practice. In addition, it also informs the reader that the author recognizes that there are other studies that may have similarities with their studies, nevertheless this study reinforce the relevance of their research implementation, and reflect the fact that if they repeat the same study, it will only be a waste of time , resources and effort (Parohoo, 1997). This literature review mentioned a total of 24 references, of which 16 references are from primary sources, while the remaining six are secondary sources. As stated by Mc Burney White (2004), a primary source is the original material. Primary sources are from the original time frame involved and have not filtered through translation. Secondary source is a detailed, written only after the fact interpreted. It is the evaluation and translation of the primary sources. These resources are not considered as evidence, but rather as comments and discussions related to evidence. This study also deploy a variety of extensive literature sources, such as books, journals, articles and also statistical analysis performed during the period from April to May 2006. A literature review which are both latest and comprehensive presented in which researchers involved aware of the latest information and the need for additional research. Research design involved the planning of implementation of a specific study (ha Moule, 2006). The research design deployed in this study is a survey study in which survey study is carried out in accordance with the expected reasons. Researchers will study their subjects and find the effects caused by the expected reasons. According to the Burn Grove (2001), within the scope of scientific thinking, survey study applied in two ways. First, it is used in a broad sense as any descriptive studies or correlational studies. In this sense, the survey used to describe a data collection technique in which questionnaires or personal interviews are used to collect data about a specific identified population. Data collection was performed by two researchers. One researcher accompanied by a volunteer randomly attended a university nursing program at a medium-sized university in central Sweden with the intention to obtain related information from students who are willing to take part in the study . Completed questionnaires collected after lecture session ended. Compilation of information about research procedures and the steps required are adequate to understand how data is collected and measured. Questionnaire distribution is a popular research method and used frequently by researchers (Leininger 1985). Morse (1999) says that questions which are very open and complex can be restructured and modified to be able to answer various research questions. Distribution of questionnaires is the medium through which data is collected. Open end questions can provide a variety of information but more time is required to respond and analyze compared to a closed end question (Kerlinger Lee. 2000). Among the benefits of deploying questionnaire method to gather information are including cost reduction while have access to samples around the world, capable of providing large samples at a time and is more likely to reduce research bias (ha Moule, 2006). Although the researchers who conducted this study provide limited information as well as not providing information related to the selected questions, the methods used to collect data are appropriate. Reliability and validity of data collection method deployed in the study is important because it contributes to the credibility of the data collected as well as the research outcomes. As proposed by Polit Beck (2006), a valid and reliable instrument used to measure what is expected and is also able to provide consistent reading is considered as the ideal tool for measurement. Therefore, a valid instrument measures what it is supposed to measure and a reliable instrument measures what it is supposed to measure (Robson, 2002). Participants of this study are divided into six groups which consisted of nursing students from 1st to 6th semester. Out of the total number of students who took part (597), only 315 randomly selected students who attended the lecture took part. As all students who were invited to participate in the study consensusly agreed, the response rate was 100%. However, the response rate of the overall student population was 53%, of which 18% consisted of male and 82% of female. Questionnaires were distributed to students from first semester, second semester, third semester, fourth semester, fifth semester to sixth semester. The mean age for first to third semester students are 27 years old, 29 years for fourth semester students, 28 years for fifth semester and 32 years for sixth semester. Mean score for the motivation of the entire semester is 6.3. Figure 1 shows the motivation score for each semester. The researchers have taken the necessary effort to comply with basic ethical principles while conducting research by obtaining written permission from participants. One of the crucial obligations when conducting human related research is to obtain written permission. Written permission means that the subjects have adequate information about the study, the ability to understand the information and provided with optional choices which mean that it is up to the subject whether to volunteer or reject the invitation to participate in the study (Polit Hungler, 1993). As stated by Lahmeyer (2006), the process of getting the written permission including which all participants are obligated to go through all the stages presented in the clinical study. The written permission processes inform the participants about the objectives of the study, procedures involved, risks that may exist and also benefit of the study. No measure was taken to ensure the privacy of participants involved in the study. Each participant is only given a letter of written permission. However, no physical danger, discomfort or psychological stress might interfere in the study. Participants are not deceived in any way possible because they are fully aware and conscious while participating in the study. The study was approved by the Institute of the University which involved in the study but it is not monitored by any Institutional Review Board or any ethics committee of its kind. Based on the research article, the results of the study was clearly and systematically presented. It is both reliable and valid. According to Gerrish and Lacey (2006), reliability is a term that reflects the consistency and reproducibility of a measurement, while validity is the actual level of instruments and procedures to ensure what is measured. The researchers conducted a specific discussion about their study and clearly outline the significance of the findings of the study. Table 1 provide information on categories of data. A category can be measured as either positive value category or negative value category. The study is considered as valid and reliable because during the analysis phase the two researchers have taken their effort to independently perform analysis and later compare the analysis. Thus, the influence of personal perception of the researchers related to the study can be avoided and they are also fully aware of the risks found in the research process. All data is stored in an information base and analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Sciences (SPSS version 14.0). Data are divided into categories similar to the categories in the questionnaire where statistical calculation performed were including frequency counts, mean, percentages and other standard statistical counts. Non-parametric Kruskal Wallis Test was used when comparing the graded motivation between semesters. Mantel test was applied for comparison between gender and motivation where background variables included. Further data were analyzed according to gender perspective with motivation score between 6 as well as the extreme scores of 0 or 10. Reliability of the accuracy of these instruments reflects the true nature of the review score. Open end questions in the questionnaires were analyzed systematically by analyzing oral or written data so that a specific phenomenon can be pictured and quantified into categories of low content but interrelated in terms of similar meaning. The results of the study were presented in table format. One figure and three tables presented for each different result. The results of the study are considered as well presented since the results were clearly indicated and supported by figures and tables. Apart from that, statistical analysis is also done well. In Figure 1, researchers focused on motivational score for each semester where scores were found to be significantly different for each semester. In Table 1, the researchers focused on the formulation of existing categories of data after the analysis was performed. A category is measured as either positive value or negative value. Each subject of the study may provide more than one reason for their graded motivational scores. In Table 2, researchers have identified a low rate of motivation with a frequency score of 6. The authors also stated the limitations found while conducting the study. As stated by Polit Beck (2006), a reviewer should be careful if the discussion fails to state any limitation of the study. Conducting a research is the best party to detect and assess the impact of the lack of sampling, practical constraints, quality problems and so on and it is indeed a professional reliability to inform readers about these problems. The researchers included both report of the expected results and unexpected results. Limitations of study are the use of scale in positioning. It can be seen as a limitation because it only grade views on the motivation of students. The limitations in comparing students from different semesters lies within the students themselves, such as undertaking the same curriculum, studying at the same university and there was no change in the organization during the period of learning. The results of this study show potential, but further research is required in order to yield more positive results before any dramatic changes regarding nursing student performance recommendations can take place in Malaysia. The objective was to analyze the degree of motivation of nursing students from different semesters of learning and identify the reasons behind the motivation grade. This study has shown that most nursing students grade their motivations differently yet positively. However, during the first three semesters of learning, their grades show a positive and quite similar in pattern. Afterwards there was a slight difference between the fourth semester to sixth semester. Figure 1 shows the mean distribution quite well. Mc Evan Goldenberg (1999) considers motivation is to be given high grades for first and last semester, which marks their fresh college entry and also right before they start entering the working environment. This study draws attention to the needs of the students to understand the situation and their needs for tutorial support. Nurses who made clinical decisions based on scientific information document is professionally reliable and also help nurses to establish their professional identity. In view of the students being the subject of the study, it is more likely to influence them in a more positive attitude and encourage them to give positive statements when responding to open-ended questions. According to Bandura A (1982), the ability of students to assess their own competence and capability is a motivational factor which gives a positive impact. The study shows the importance of providing tutorial support for students in a broader perspective other than academic achievement. This can be implemented by promoting flexibility in planning personal learning program (Janhonen Vanhanan, 2000). It also emphasizes the responsibilities of lecturers and universities to provide support to students, especially when they are less motivated to study which consequently affect their academic performance. However, the publication of the research findings does not guarantee that practitioners will use the techniques described in the study (Gerrish Lacey, 2006). Achieving evidence-based practice is a complex responsibility. With the presence of strong evidence to support any changes in practice, the reason behind it being difficult to implement the findings should be explored. According to ha Moule (2006), practical reasons act as a barrier to the implementation of the study, including not working in a similar culture where debate, review and critical awareness is something that is encouraged, and also a working culture that does not encourage any changes. Certain terms and conditions are essential for the implementation of successful evidence-based practice. It includes the establishment of practices that encourage knowledge application, a system that supports practitioners access to knowledge and practitioners who are willing to review their practices and consider other alternatives to it. Individuals who work within the establishment and environment of such practices will be able to see that knowledge-based practices will increase positive outcomes, proving a sense of professionalism and enhance job satisfaction (Barsteiner, 1996). However, various studies have also reported strong barriers that limit utilization of research. Barsteiner (1996) has said that the most often reported constraint is the insufficient level of authority to implement changes in practice, inadequate administrative support, difficulty in obtaining access to the results of the study and the discomfort of staff to critique research findings in determining the clinical relevance of the study. According to the authors, their study shows that there is a need to increase nursing students motivation. There were also nursing students who merely graded their motivation as being positive and distributed the similar grades evenly during their entire education period. The most important motivational factor is the intrinsic factor and goal-oriented, which is to become a nurse. Nursing students did mentioned intrinsic factor motivation as an explanation to their degree of motivation. These results emphasize the need to understand their situation and needs for students tutorial support. Restructuring programs should be designed in partnership with students to match the course content with the degree of motivation during different academic years. In our prospective study, we will monitor and observe the degree of motivation on a group of students in one class during their three years of learning. In future, we expect nurses to be more motivated, being comfortable and dedicated to their job, being concerned with sincerity, able to identify the underlying problem or problems that may suffered by client and subsequently develop research-based strategies. There is a strong motivation among nurses to apply research findings into evidence-based nursing practice. In the effort of reducing cost, the result which is client-oriented is increasingly becoming the focus of health care. Whenever health care is given and provided based on the most excellent current evidence, intervention will become more effective and improve client results. Without a doubt, controversy in inevitable, but we have to practice what we believe without feeling guilty. According to Klosser T. (2005), a combination of good evidence paired with a broad experience would produce a good practice. This is also the reason why the findings of this study is important to be analyzed as well as trying to understand the lev el of nursing students motivation , especially at the location where study was conducted by researchers. In my view as a provider of health services, we are encouraged to read more journals and conduct online searching to find reliable and valid research and evidence based articles. Health care professionals and nurses should find solutions, options and results to achieve an effective patient care. Polit, Beck Hungers (2001) said that a professional health worker should read more and able to think critically, able to apply theories based on reliable evidence and must attend professional seminars in the effort to promote utilizations of the research results. Thus, the Nursing Association can start promoting evidence-based practice in nursing practice through continuing professional development, such as Continuous Medical Education and Continuous Nursing Education (CME and CNE). Paradigm shift in health care is now more focused on evidence based practice (EBP) and act as guidance in reaching healthcare decisions. Rycroft-Malone et al. (2004) emphasized that the best evidence intergrated knowledge from various sources including research, clinical experience, patients and clients testimonials and also the local context. The need to integrate knowledge from various sources is essential because research evidence should be aligned with the experience and preference of patient. (4013 words)

Song Of Solomon :: essays research papers

From Beginning to End Toni Morrison begins her novel Song of Solomon in a very unconventional way. Instead of introducing a setting or characters, she retells an incident that without further reading is for the most part incomprehensible. As readers we notice later on in the story the references made throughout the book that relate back to the introductory pages. Some of the main themes such as oral traditions, naming, and especially flight are introduced in the first six pages and are further developed in a very similar format throughout the book. One of the outstanding themes, oral tradition, is used to retell events throughout the book in a manner consistent with the beginning. On the first page we are introduced to an insurance agent by the name of Robert Smith. We shortly thereafter learn that he will "fly" form the top of Mercy Hospital. On the Wednesday of his flight a group of fifty people gather around the building to witness this event. While waiting for his "flight" or jump a woman in a contralto voice begins to sing the words "O Sugarman done fly away/ Sugarman done gone/ Sugarman cut across the sky/ Sugarman gone home…"(6) This lady simply describes Robert Smith's flight "home" which we later learn is really him committing suicide. Much later on in the book Milkman is listening to a group of children singing "O Solomon done fly away/ Solomon done gone/ Solomon cut across the sky/ Solomon gone home."(3) In this song Sugarman, or Robert Smith, is replac ed by Solomon, or the Great Grandfather of Milkman. The song describes his "flight" from Shalimar, his home town, and the events that happened after his "flight." In general, oral traditions are used in this book to retell past events for both our understanding and for the characters. They take the form of song, story, and fairy tale and are very important to the meaning of the story because they are a major medium of narration. Naming is utilized throughout the book for the purpose of creating identification and symbolism for the characters and places. On page four a brief description is given about the history of Mains Ave., or Not Doctor Street., as called by the Southside community. It is called Not Doctor Street. because a prominent black doctor had once lived there, and the people living there always referred to it as Doctor Street.

What economics is Essay

What economics is and how you may use economics in your future career and/or your daily life? After World War II, economy is increasingly becoming the focus of national competition in the world. Furthermore, economics as a new breach of human sciences is applied widely in human daily life as well. For example, almost everyone has to consider price, tax, money and welfare in real life. It can be seen from that economics play a significant role in human life. This essay will discuss what is economics and analyses how to use economics in my daily life from economics knowledge, economics logic skill and economic analysis skill three aspects. Economics is a new subject in human sciences and the history of it is not as long as other subjects, so there are amount of different theories in this subject and different schools have different opinions about it, even the definition of economics. In Austrian school, the economist Mises (1998) defines that â€Å"Economics is the theory of all human action, the general science of the immutable categories of action and of their operation under all thinkable special conditions under which man acts.† While the economics Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2012, p3) think that â€Å"Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.† Actually, there is no model answer of what is economics, people depends on their own experience can have diversity opinions about this question. In my view, economics is a subject which teach people how to thinking objectively and manage things more effectively. It focuses on macroscopic view and microcosmic view in real life. Economics pervades every aspect of peoples’ life, so we can use it to change and improve ore life. Firstly, I can use Economics knowledge to make more profit. Economic theories are summarized by economists and it can show economics trend, thus people can follow these law of economics to deduce future economics trends. Follow these deductions, they can invest some businesses so that they will have considerable revenue from these businesses. For example, if i am able to forecast stocks, i will buy some stocks when the price is low and sell them at a high price. This will brings me a huge income. Moreover, economics knowledge will help me save money. For instance, i can use demand and supply theory to guess when the goods price  is low, thus i will save money comparing with other people. In addition, the people who is proficient in economics means it is easier to find a high-paid job than others, the reason why is most of high-paid jobs are nearly almost associate with business and these jobs need economics knowledge to management and control them, such as business manager, accountants, Stock managers and so on. After i graduate from university i can find these jobs. To sum up, economics knowledge not only helps me gaining and saving money, but also helps me gets more high-paid employments. Secondly, i can use economics logic skill to identify the truth and false in real life and make decision more wisely and objectively. Marking is a significant element in economy, sometimes a excellent marking marketing tactics will help company have a good selling, so how to keep clear mind in the tempting marketing tactics is an important skill for people. Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2009, p3) indicate one principle of economics in their book, it is â€Å"people face trade-offs†. From this principle, we can know everything in the world is not free, everything we gain should be sacrificed. Thus when i buy goods, i will remind me this economic principle and convince myself do not be lied by marketing tactics and buy some unnecessary goods. Furthermore, if i want have my own businesses, i may need economics, because it will help me thinking more objectively and broadly so that i can make right decision in business. For example, Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2009, p9) state another principle â€Å"rational people think at margin† in their book as well. This principle is necessary to chief who control the companies’ future, when they face several suddenly changes in business. In another word, company leader should change the plans, while the cost and value of projects change. This margin thinking is one of objective thinking skills. To sum up, i can use economic logic to make objective and wise decision in my business in my future and to be a rational consumer in real life. Finally, i can use economic analysis skill to understand situations what i have. Specifically, situations divided two things, one is public policy. Every country have their own public economic policies, authorities will make different laws to regulate economy. For example, everyone should pay tax to  government. But if you do not know the economics, you will not understand the tax law and tax standard or know how to make tax planning, then you may feel unhappy or angry with your government. Callahan (2004, p27) also argue this opinion, â€Å"Another benefit of an understanding of economics is that it is crucial to evaluating questions of public policy.† She points out we can judge salary or tax is fair or not through economics analysis. Personally it is significant to employee and I will analysis economics policy and according to these to make or change my economic plans in my life. The other situation is society circumstance. Economic change will lead to a series of influence on peoples’ life. For instance, the rate of unemployment is an important data to employee and students who will graduate from university. If they understand the meaning hidden behind the data, they may try to do something to avoid suffering from this unemployment crisis. I will analysis the economic trend and change my plan as well. Only understanding a thing, you can accept it. Thus, i will always use economic analysis skill to understand situations what i have in the future. In conclusion, economics is not only a subject of science, but also a regulating and controlling economy skill. It not only teaching people economic knowledge, but also cultivating peoples’ personal and cultural value. It is not a single discipline, it needs to combine other subjects to research and learning, such as philosophy, politics and so on. In the future, I will use economic knowledge to find a high paid job or invest projects and use economics logic skill to make sure i make right decisions and use economic analysis skill to understand and think situations what i have. Reference: Callahan, G. (2004). Economics for real people (2nd ed). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. Gans, J., King, S., Stonecash, R., & Mankiw, N. G. (2012). Principles of economics (5th ed.). New South Wales, Australia: Cengage Learning. Mises, L., v.(1998). Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.au/books?id=bqhZRn5zWA4C&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266&dq=Economics+is+the+theory+of+all+human+action,+the+general+science+of+the+immutable+categories+of+action+and+of+their+operation+under+all+thinkable+special+conditions+under+which+man+acts&source=bl&ots=5UHNDVcP_E&sig=FBD_JFuAf-dTVZQT8dmEBdgo2wI&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ei=FtEyU63wHMWplQXDpoGwAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Economics%20is%20the%20theory%20of%20all%20human%20action%2C%20the%20general%20science%20of%20the%20immutable%20categories%20of%20action%20and%20of%20their%20operation%20under%20all%20thinkable%20special%20conditions%20under%20which%20man%20acts&f=false

Uncle Bob

I am so excited to go on vacation in Miami, Florida! Best of all, my Uncle Bob is coming with me! Uncle Bob lives in California and is also excited to go on vacation because he has never been out of the state before. Uncle Bob and I were having a great time on our vacation visiting the beautiful beaches and area attractions. In the middle of our vacation, Uncle Bob and I were heading back to the condo we rented when we got pulled over by the Miami Police. Uncle Bob spoke with the officer for a while then was arrested! I couldn’t understand why he was arrested; he was just speeding! Uncle Bob and I had a drink when we at the beach, but that was two hours prior to us leaving so there was no way he was drunk! Uncle Bob had been in some trouble before, but that was in California. Was it possible that his license wasn’t valid? Maybe, but how did a Miami, Florida police officer know enough about Uncle Bob to arrest him? With Uncle Bob’s situation, I have started doing some research of my own; technology has dramatically changed how law enforcement collects, stores, and retrieves information. Law Enforcement personnel are able to easily find information about individuals nationwide. The Miami, Florida Police Department has a fully integrated police records management system which allows law enforcement officers to gather information on an individual’s criminal, probation, court, vehicle, and prison records, as well as local and other agency records. Therefore, the officer who stopped Uncle Bob for speeding was able to access his previous records from the state of California through the use of his mobile office; the mobile radio system, and mobile data computer in his patrol vehicle (Foster, 2005). A Law Enforcement Officer has the ability to access information about an individual by use of their driver’s license or state identification number, or even their name and date of birth. When Uncle Bob and I were pulled over, the officer ran his driver’s license number to check for validation and warrants. If Uncle Bob’s previous charges left him with a suspended license in California, then that would explain why he was arrested here in Florida. Likewise, if Uncle Bob didn’t take care of his responsibilities for the charges in California, he may have a warrant which would also explain his arrest in Florida. However, maybe Uncle Bob didn’t have a suspended license or any warrants issued from California; why did he get arrested then? I know we weren’t in a stolen car because we rented it from the airport when we arrived in Miami. Maybe there was a crime that took place in this area, and a witness gave Law Enforcement a description of the suspect that is similar to Uncle Bob or the rental car? If that’s the case, then the arresting officer must have questioned him of our activities that day to see if we were in the area of which the crime took place. Uncle Bob may have been suspected of being the perpetrator, and was taken to the police department for further questioning. It is also possible that Uncle Bob actually did commit a crime while here in Miami, and that was why he was speeding; to try and get away. However, Uncle Bob has been with me the whole time so I know he didn’t commit a crime here! Perhaps Uncle Bob is still on probation in California, and not allowed to leave the state; if that is so, then the arresting officer could have accessed Uncle Bob’s probation records, contacted his probation officer, and arrested him on a probation violation of leaving the state of California. Also, if he is on probation, the probation officer may have found out that he left California and put out a warrant for his arrest; explaining why he was arrested here in Miami. My last possible thought regarding Uncle Bob’s arrest would be a clerical data entry error. The last time Uncle Bob was arrested; he was incarcerated and served his time. However, the individual entering case information may have incorrectly input his data or input another person’s data with a similar name, under his name, causing Uncle Bob to be wanted in connection with another crime. References Foster, R. E. (2005). Police technology (1st ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/ Prentice Hall. Uncle Bob I am so excited to go on vacation in Miami, Florida! Best of all, my Uncle Bob is coming with me! Uncle Bob lives in California and is also excited to go on vacation because he has never been out of the state before. Uncle Bob and I were having a great time on our vacation visiting the beautiful beaches and area attractions. In the middle of our vacation, Uncle Bob and I were heading back to the condo we rented when we got pulled over by the Miami Police. Uncle Bob spoke with the officer for a while then was arrested! I couldn’t understand why he was arrested; he was just speeding! Uncle Bob and I had a drink when we at the beach, but that was two hours prior to us leaving so there was no way he was drunk! Uncle Bob had been in some trouble before, but that was in California. Was it possible that his license wasn’t valid? Maybe, but how did a Miami, Florida police officer know enough about Uncle Bob to arrest him? With Uncle Bob’s situation, I have started doing some research of my own; technology has dramatically changed how law enforcement collects, stores, and retrieves information. Law Enforcement personnel are able to easily find information about individuals nationwide. The Miami, Florida Police Department has a fully integrated police records management system which allows law enforcement officers to gather information on an individual’s criminal, probation, court, vehicle, and prison records, as well as local and other agency records. Therefore, the officer who stopped Uncle Bob for speeding was able to access his previous records from the state of California through the use of his mobile office; the mobile radio system, and mobile data computer in his patrol vehicle (Foster, 2005). A Law Enforcement Officer has the ability to access information about an individual by use of their driver’s license or state identification number, or even their name and date of birth. When Uncle Bob and I were pulled over, the officer ran his driver’s license number to check for validation and warrants. If Uncle Bob’s previous charges left him with a suspended license in California, then that would explain why he was arrested here in Florida. Likewise, if Uncle Bob didn’t take care of his responsibilities for the charges in California, he may have a warrant which would also explain his arrest in Florida. However, maybe Uncle Bob didn’t have a suspended license or any warrants issued from California; why did he get arrested then? I know we weren’t in a stolen car because we rented it from the airport when we arrived in Miami. Maybe there was a crime that took place in this area, and a witness gave Law Enforcement a description of the suspect that is similar to Uncle Bob or the rental car? If that’s the case, then the arresting officer must have questioned him of our activities that day to see if we were in the area of which the crime took place. Uncle Bob may have been suspected of being the perpetrator, and was taken to the police department for further questioning. It is also possible that Uncle Bob actually did commit a crime while here in Miami, and that was why he was speeding; to try and get away. However, Uncle Bob has been with me the whole time so I know he didn’t commit a crime here! Perhaps Uncle Bob is still on probation in California, and not allowed to leave the state; if that is so, then the arresting officer could have accessed Uncle Bob’s probation records, contacted his probation officer, and arrested him on a probation violation of leaving the state of California. Also, if he is on probation, the probation officer may have found out that he left California and put out a warrant for his arrest; explaining why he was arrested here in Miami. My last possible thought regarding Uncle Bob’s arrest would be a clerical data entry error. The last time Uncle Bob was arrested; he was incarcerated and served his time. However, the individual entering case information may have incorrectly input his data or input another person’s data with a similar name, under his name, causing Uncle Bob to be wanted in connection with another crime. References Foster, R. E. (2005). Police technology (1st ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/ Prentice Hall.